Infusion apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

An infusion apparatus and method employs an infusate reservoir connected by way of a first flow restrictor to a mixing chamber and a second infusate reservoir connected via a second flow path having a selected restriction characteristic to the same mixing chamber so that infusate may be conveyed to the mixing chamber in different concentrations or in different types. A normally closed valve is provided in the second flow path so that the two infusates supplement one another in the mixing chamber only when the valve is opened. The reservoir and chamber volumes, infusate concentrations and chamber outlet flow rates are dimensioned to provide an integrated dosage profile suited to the patient. The apparatus can also include an accumulator with a restricted inlet in the second flow path situated between the second reservoir and the valve so that when the valve is opened, infusate flows to the mixing chamber from the second flow path only if the accumulator has been replenished from the second reservoir.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation in part of our co-pending applicationSer. No. 856,558 filed Dec. 1, 1977 entitled IMPLANTABLE INFUSION SYSTEMand now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an infusion apparatus and method. It relatesmore especially to an improved infusion method rechargeable implantablepump for conducting infusate to a selected site in a living body.

Relatively recently, an infusion apparatus has been developed which canbe implanted in the body to remain there for a prolonged period. Theapparatus can be refilled with infusate without having to remove theapparatus. Refilling is achieved simply by injecting additional infusatethrough a penetrable septum in the apparatus, which septum is locateddirectly under the patient's skin. In some cases, the act of refillingthe apparatus with infusate also recharges the apparatus' power sourceso that the device can operate uninterruptedly to dispense infusate suchas insulin or heparin at a very small flow rate for a prolonged period.An example of infusion apparatus of this general type is disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 3,731,681.

It has also been proposed to control the infusate flow from suchapparatus by means of a valve controlled by a programmable controller sothat the dosage rate can be varied to suit particular needs of thepatient. For example, in the case of insulin, ideally the patient shouldreceive a small continuous or basal dose to satisfy a particular steadystate requirement that depends upon the average amount of sugar in hisblood. Then immediately after a meal when blood sugar level risesdramatically, the infusion apparatus should dispense a much larger dose(prolonged bolus) of insulin to offset the increased sugar level causedby the ingestion of the meal. One such programmable infusion apparatus,described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,405, varies the valve control pulses infrequency and/or duration to control the duty cycle of an electricallyoperated valve to provide the requisite basal and bolus doses at therequisite times.

Problems with prior infusion apparatus of the type described abovearises because the basal and bolus doses have the same concentrationsince they both originate from the same infusate reservoir inside theapparatus and incorporation of the necessary batteries, valves andelectronic system may reduce system reliability. With the bolus insulinrate requirement being ten to fifteen times that of the basal rate, itwill become obvious that the mean insulin requirement will quicklyconsume the reservoir volume if the concentration is set to meet therequirement of the basal condition. The desirability of the system isfurther reduced due to the need for the batteries for the electricalpower source. These must be periodically recharged or replaced.Furthermore, the infusate reservoir has to be quite large to provideboth basal and bolus flows while at the same time avoiding the need forfrequent refilling. The large reservoir of course increases the overallsize and weight of the pump package implanted in the body to thediscomfort of the patient.

Prior controllable infusion apparatus is disadvantaged also in that itis possible for the patient to inadvertently or intentionally controlthe apparatus so as to administer an overdose of infusate. This not onlyexhausts the supply of infusate but also can result in injury to thepatient. An insulin overdose, for example, can bring on hypoglycemicshock resulting in death to the patient.

More generally, however, it would be desirable to provide implantableinfusion apparatus which is small and compact so as to occupy a minimumamount of space in the body, yet which is able to supply the patient'sinfusate needs while still avoiding the need for frequent refills orconsumable power sources such as batteries.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide improvedimplantable infusion apparatus which can dispense infusate to a selectedsite in the body at a very small flow rate continuously for a prolongedperiod.

Another object of the invention is to provide infusion apparatus of thistype which can dispense infusate of various types to the patient in aplurality of different concentrations.

A further object of the invention is to provide infusion apparatus ofthis general type which provide both the basal and bolus infusate needsof a patient for a prolonged period, yet which is still relatively smalland compact.

Another object of the invention is to provide such apparatus whose bolusinfusion is patient-actuated, yet which avoids the possibility of apatient-administered infusate overdose.

Another object is to provide such apparatus which does not require useof a battery powered source.

A further object is to provide apparatus of the type which providesimproved bolus infusate flow control.

It is a more general object of the present invention to provideimplantable infusion apparatus which permits the use of dual infusionmeans providing infusate in different concentrations of different kindsunder separate control.

Still another object is to provide an infusion method which permitsgreat flexibility in the selection of the dosage to the patient.

Other objects will in part be obvious and will in part appearhereinafter.

The invention accordingly comprises the combination of steps, thefeatures of construction, the combination of elements and thearrangement of parts as will be exemplified in the following detaileddescription, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in theclaims.

Infusion apparatus of the type with which we are concerned here hasparticular application as a so-called artificial pancreas to dispenseinsulin to a diabetic patient to counteract excessive glucose present inthe patient's bloodstream. Accordingly we will describe the invention inthat context. It should be understood, however, that the apparatus canbe used to dispense a variety of other infusates into a human or animalbody for various purposes.

The average diabetic should receive a basal dosage of insulincontinuously in response to changes in the level of glucose in hisbloodstream. In addition, he should receive larger, short-term so-calledbolus doses of insulin to offset much higher short-term glucose levelsin the bloodstream which may be present particularly after meals.Moreover the bolus doses should be introduced into the bloodstream andtake effect as soon as possible and should terminate as the glucoselevel is returned to its basal state. The present invention accomplishesthese objectives without implanted electrical power and with a smallcompact package which occupies a minimum amount of space in the body.

Instead of dispensing insulin of a given concentration to the infusionsite from a single reservoir at different rates to provide the basal andbolus doses to the patient, a plurality of reservoirs are employed eachoperating independently and complimenting the other. Thus, the apparatusincludes a main (basal) reservoir to supply the patient's basal dosagerequirement and a secondary (bolus) reservoir to provide the bolusdoses. The main basal reservoir has an outlet including the filter andflow restricter. Likewise the bolus reservoir has an outlet including aseparate filter and flow restricter. The outlets of the two reservoirsjoin at a small mixing chamber downstream from their flow restrictersand suitable tubing leads from the mixing chamber to the infusion sitein the patient's body. Located in the outlet from the bolus reservoirbetween its flow restricter and the mixing chamber is a normally closedvalve. When the valve is closed, infusate flows only from the basalreservoir to the mixing chamber and thence to the infusion site. On theother hand when the valve is open, the infusate flow from the basalreservoir is supplemented by the flow from the bolus chamber.

Preferably each reservoir is of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.3,731,681 comprising a variable volume infusate chamber which iscollapsed by the presence exerted by a confined two-phase fluid whichvaporizes at physiological temperatures so as to exert sufficientpressure on the chamber walls to expel the infusate from the chamber tothe infusion site. However, other types of infusate reservoirs can beemployed. One such other reservoir is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.3,894,538.

Preferably also, provision is made for refilling each infusate reservoirby injecting fresh infusate through a penetrable septum in an inletpassage leading to the infusate chamber and located directly under thepatient's skin. The refilling operation also recharges the reservoir'spower cell as disclosed in the aforesaid patents.

Since the present apparatus includes two separate independent infusatereservoirs, different insulin concentrations can be contained in theapparatus. The main reservoir may contain insulin in a relatively lowconcentration to supply the basal requirements of the patient, while thesecondary reservoir may contain insulin in a much higher concentrationto provide the bolus doses for the patient. The ability of the apparatusto store and dispense insulin in both high and low concentrations meansthat the bolus needs of the patient can be supplied over a long termwithout depleting the supply of insulin.

In other words, whereas the prior apparatus of this type provide bolusdoses simply by increasing the amount of flow of the same infusate usedfor the basal dose, the present apparatus delivers infusate at anentirely different concentration for the bolus dose. Also if the valveused to control bolus flow is electrically operated rather thanmechanically actuated, its duty cycle is short so that a minimum amountof energy is required to power the valve. Still further, the totalinfusate volumetric requirements of the apparatus are minimized since itis no longer necessary to use relatively large volumes of lowconcentration infusate to provide the requisite bolus doses when calledfor by the patient's particular prescription.

While it is contemplated to use a battery powered electrical valve inthe present apparatus, a preferred pump embodiment employs a valve thatcan be actuated extracorporeally either manually or magnetically. Inthis, the valve is mounted in the housing with its actuator situateddirectly under the patient's skin. Therefore by placing a magnetdirectly over that skin area or by depressing that skin area, the valvecan be opened to initiate each bolus dose.

In some situations it is desirable to limit the bolus dose the apparatuscan dispense within a selected time period to prevent possible injury tothe patient. For example, a person may not remember that he has actuatedthe valve and received a bolus dose after a given meal and may actuatethe valve two or more times within a short time interval. To avoid thatpotential problem, the present apparatus includes an auxiliary infusatereservoir or accumulator which may be similar to the others but which isquite small and connected in the fluid path from the bolus reservoirupstream from its valve.

Moreover, the outlet from the bolus reservoir includes a flow restricterwhich limits infusate flow from the bolus reservoir to the auxiliaryreservoir so that the latter reservoir cannot be filled more than oncein a given time period, e.g. 5 to 7 hours. Therefore, each time thepatient actuates the valve to obtain a bolus dose of infusate, themaximum amount of infusate that he can obtain within that time period isthe contents of the auxiliary reservoir, which contents will, forexample, comprise one bolus dose or less. Thus, if the patient actuatesthe valve once after a given meal and due to forgetfulness actuates thevalve again somewhat later, he will not receive any appreciableadditional high concentrate infusate because the auxiliary reservoirwill not have yet been refilled from the bolus reservoir.

In accordance with our techniques, the infusate concentrations,reservoir and mixing chamber volumes and flow rates to and from thechamber are selected to provide an integrated dosage profile from theapparatus, which is tailored to the patient's requirements. Thus theinfusion technique of the present invention provides both the long termcontinuous basal infusate requirement of the patient and theintermittent larger bolus doses for a prolonged period between apparatusrefills. Yet the apparatus used is relatively small and compact so thatit causes a minimum amount of discomfort to the patient.

Further, the infusion apparatus can be operated to provide bolus flow bythe patient himself with minimum risk of infusate overdose caused byexcessive actuation of the bolus valve. More generally, the apparatus ofthis invention is rugged and reliable and can remain in the patient fora prolonged period without maintenance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention,reference should be had to the following detailed description taken inconnection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a top plan view of implantable infusion apparatus embodyingthe principles of this invention and for practicing our method;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view along lines 3--3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4A is a similar view along lines 4A--4A of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4B is a similar view along lines 4B--4B of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4C is a similar view along lines 4C--4C of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of the infusion apparatus of thisinvention;

FIGS. 6A to 6C are graphical illustrations of valve functions and flowrates of the FIG. 5 system;

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a modification of the FIG. 5system, and

FIGS. 8A through 8C are graphical illustrations of flows in the FIG. 7apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, the infusion apparatuscomprises a generally cylindrical housing 10 made of stainless steel,titanium or other strong corrosion resistant material. Typically housing10 is on the order of three inches in diameter and one inch thick.Actually housing 10 is composed of a pair of upper and lower cup-likesections 10a and 10b which are secured together at their rims along withthe edge 12a of a circular plate 12 which divides the housing into upperand lower compartments 14 and 16. That securement may be accomplished bya circumferential weld bead 18 or by other appropriate means. Plate 12forms a header for a bellows capsule 22 situated in compartment 16. Oneend 22a of the bellows capsule is welded, brazed or otherwise secured toan edge margin of plate 12 just inside the weld head 18. The oppositeend 22b of the capsule is closed.

A circular central portion 12b of plate 12 inside the bellows capsule isdished downwardly as viewed in FIG. 2. Engagement of that portion by thebellows end wall 22b prevents excessive compression of the bellows whichevent might cause undue stresses on the capsule. The dished portion alsomaximizes the volume of housing compartment 14 and minimizes theresidual or dead volume of the basal reservoir. Capsule 22 is preferablya titanium welded metal bellows and its diameter is slightly smallerthan housing 10 to maximize the capsule volume, e.g., 20 ml. The spaceinside the capsule constitutes the main reservoir for infusate at thebasal concentration, e.g., 20-30 units per milliliter. A fluid outletfrom the confined volume of the capsule is provided at 24 in plate 12.

The space outside of capsule 22, yet inside compartment 16 is filledwith a two-phase fluid of the type described in the aforesaid patentswhich vaporizes at physiological temperatures to provide sufficientforce to collapse capsule 22 and expel infusate therefrom through itsoutlet 24. If the apparatus is dispensing infusate into the arterialsystem a pressure of about 6 psi will suffice. Venous or subcutaneousinfusion requires less pressure, e.g. about 3 psi.

Still referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, situated in housing compartment 14 isa secondary or bolus reservoir subassembly indicated generally at 28.Subassembly 28 comprises an inverted cup 32 nested in the top of housingsection 10a near one side thereof. Cup 32 is provided with a circularcover 34 whose edge is welded or otherwise secured to the rim of cup 32to form a closed compartment 36 inside the cup. One end 38a of a secondor bolus bellows capsule 38 is secured to the inside of cover 34 nearthe outer edge thereof, the opposite capsule end 38b being closed. Thecentral portion 34a of cover 34 inside the bellows capsule 38 is dishedfor the same reasons discussed above in connection with cover 12.

Capsule 38 is, like capsule 22, a welded metal bellows, its extendedvolume being about one-fifth that of capsule 22, e.g. 4 ml. The spaceinside bellows capsule 38 is the secondary infusate reservoir thatcontains the higher concentration infusate suitable for the bolus doses,e.g. 300-400 units per milliliter. A fluid outlet from the capsule isprovided through an opening 42 in cover 34. The space outside capsule38, but inside chamber 36 contains a two-phase fluid of the typedescribed above in connection with capsule 22. At physiologicaltemperatures that fluid exerts pressure on capsule 38, causing thecapsule to collapse and expel its contents through opening 42.

Nested between cover portions 12b and 34a is a third or auxiliaryreservoir subassembly indicated generally at 46. Subassembly 46 includesan inverted cup 50 having a generally circular cover 48 welded to itsrim. A third bellows capsule 52 has one end 52a welded or otherwisesecured to the inside of cover 50 near its edge and the opposite end 52bof the capsule is closed. The space inside capsule 52 constitutes anauxiliary reservoir or accumulator for bolus infusate.

To bias the capsule to its collapsed condition, the space outsidecapsule 52, yet inside cup 50 contains a compressible fluid, a spring ora two-phase fluid which, at body temperatures, exerts less pressure oncapsule 52 than the similar fluid exerts on capsule 38 but enough toexpel infusate into the patient's arterial or venous system. Capsule 52is also a welded metal bellows and is quite small, being on the order ofone-hundredth the volume of capsule 38, e.g. 0.04 ml. A fluid inlet tothe capsule is provided through an opening 56 in a central recessedportion 50a of cover 50 and an outlet from capsule 52 is provided by apassage 58 in the cover near its edge.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 4B, compartment 14 also includes awafer-like filter unit 59 which receives infusate from bellows capsule22 through a length of tubing 60 connected between capsule outlet 24 andfilter inlet 61. All of the connecting tubing in the apparatus is quitesmall, e.g., 0.012 inch I.D.

Filter unit 59 comprises upper and lower circular shells 59a and 59bwhose rims interfit so that the two sections form a cylindrical housing.Inside the housing are a pair of identical circular wafer-like filtersupport or retainer elements 62a and 62b made of porous stainless steel,titanium or other similar porous material. Sandwiched between the filterretainers is the filter element (not shown) providing filtration toabout 0.22 microns. An O-ring 63 encircles element 62b inside shell 59bto provide a seal between the shell and the filter. The two shells areheld together by C-clips 64 distributed around the edges of the filterunit 59. The filter inlet 61 is formed in the bottom wall of shell 59band the filter outlet 65 is formed in the top wall of shell 59a.

From filter unit 59, the infusate from capsule outlet 24 flows to a flowrestricter 72 in housing compartment 14. As shown in FIG. 4C, therestricter 72 is simply a length of capillary tubing 74 coiled inside aring 76, the space in and around the coil being filled with pottingmaterial 78. The restricter can be of many configurations. See U.S. Pat.No. 3,951,147. The outlet 65 of filter 62 is connected by tubing 84 toone end of the coiled capillary tubing 74, the opposite end of thetubing being connected by tubing 86 to a mixing chamber indicatedgenerally at 88 formed in a radially recessed portion 90 in the sidewall of housing section 10a as best seen in FIG. 2. From the mixingchamber 88, the infusate is conducted by way of tubing 92 to an infusionsite in the patient, the opposite end of tubing 92 being fitted with anappropriate catheter.

A second filter 102 is positioned in housing compartment 14 to receivethe bolus infusate from bellows capsule 38. Fluid communication isachieved between those two components by a length of tubing 104 (FIG. 2)extending between the capsule outlet 42 and the filter inlet. Filter 102is identical to filter 62 illustrated in FIG. 4B and accordingly it willnot be detailed. From filter 102, the bolus infusate proceeds to asecond flow restricter 106 which is, except for its length perhaps,identical to the restricter 72 illustrated in FIG. 4C. Therefore, wewill not describe the restricter 106 in detail. The fluid output fromrestricter 106 is fed to the auxiliary bellows capsule 52 or accumulatorby means of tubing 108 extending between the flow restricter and thecapsule inlet 56. Infusate flow out of that capsule is through tubing110 connected between capsule outlet 58 and a valve assembly mounted inhousing compartment 14 and indicated generally at 112.

From the valve assembly, the bolus infusate is conducted by tubing 114containing a flow restricter 116 to mixing chamber 88. Restriction 116is present simply for flow definition and smoothening purposes and thatfunction may very well be provided by the regular tubing segment betweenthe valve assembly and the chamber.

As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, valve assembly 112 comprises a generallycylindrical cup 118 which fits in an opening 120 formed in the top ofhousing section 10a so that a small length of the cup projects outthrough the top of the opening. A circumferential welded seam 122connects the cup to housing section 10a. Positioned at the bottom of cup118 is a circular disk 124 which supports a relatively heavy coil spring126, the disk being grooved to center the spring. A second, lighter coilspring 128 positioned inside spring 126 also rests on disk 124 beingcentered there by a raised boss 132 on that disk.

Seated on the spring 128 inside spring 126 is a circular plate 134having a central boss 134a projecting down into spring 128. Plate 134supports the upper ends of four posts 136 which extend down betweensprings 126 and 128 and through loose-fitting openings 138 in disk 124.Connected to the lower ends of those parts is a circular plate 142,clearance for the plate being provided by an opening 144 in the bottomwall of cup 118.

The valve assembly also includes an actuating button 146 in the form ofan inverted cup which fits down snugly inside cup 118 resting on theupper end of spring 126. Button 146 has a depending axial nose 146awhich projects down into a mating opening 134b in the top of plate 134to help center the components of the valve assembly. A flexible,resilient circular membrane 152 is positioned at the rim of cup 118 andretained there by a circular internally threaded ring 154 which isturned down onto external threads 156 on the projecting portion of cup118. Membrane 152 provides a resilient impervious seal all around thebutton.

The final component of the valve assembly is a length of flexibleresilient tubing 158 made of silastic or other comparable materialsandwiched between disk 124 and plate 142. One end of the tubingcommunicates with tube 110 leading to the outlet of auxiliary bellowscapsule 52. The other end of the tubing connects with the tube 114leading to the restrictor 116 and mixing chamber 88. The flexible tubingis recessed into a groove 124a formed in the underside of disk 124 tomaintain the tubing in a centered position in the assembly.

When there is no pressure on the button 146, both springs 126 and 128are extended so that the button is in its uppermost position. In thatposition, the plate 134, being biased upwardly by spring 128, assumesits uppermost position thereby drawing plate 142 up along with it andsqueezing the tubing 158 between plate 142 and disk 124 so that no fluidcan flow through the tubing. On the other hand, when button 146 isdepressed, the plates 134 and 142 are forced downwardly so that thetubing 158 assumes its normal cylindrical shape allowing fluid to flowfrom bellows capsule 52 to mixing chamber 88.

The advantage of utilizing the double spring arrangement illustrated inFIG. 2 is that the force which compresses the relatively delicateflexible tubing 158 is provided by the relatively light-weight spring128. On the other hand, the heavy spring 126 determines the forcerequired to depress button 146 sufficiently to open the valve.Desirably, the required actuating force should be relatively great sothat the valve cannot be opened accidentally. In other words, a singlespring could not provide both a relatively small squeezing force ontubing 158 and a relatively great return bias force on button 146.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 4A, provision is made in the presentapparatus for refilling bellows capsules 22 and 38 with the basal andbolus infusate. More particularly, a self-sealing penetrable septumassembly shown generally at 162 is mounted at one side of housingsection 10a through which infusate at the basal concentration can beinjected into the apparatus to refill bellows capsule 22. A similarassembly indicated generally at 164 is located on the opposite side ofhousing action 10a.

Both of these septum assemblies are identical so that only the formerone is illustrated in detail in FIG. 4A. It comprises a cup 168positioned in an opening 170 in the top wall of housing section 10a, therim of the cup projecting above the housing wall. A circumferential weld171 permanently connects the wall of the cup to the edge of opening 170inside the housing section. Cup 168 has a relatively large diameterupper section 168a and a smaller diameter lower section 168b defining acylindrical space 172. An opening 174 is provided in the bottom wall ofcup 168 in which is connected one end of a tube 176 which leads to thebellows capsule 22.

Seated in the cup section 168a is a wafer-like penetrable septum or plugmade of rubber or other comparable material. The septum is held in placeby a ring 180 which is externally threaded so that it can be screwed orpressed down onto the projecting portion of cup 168 which carriesinternal threads 182. In the bottom of cup 168 is a needle stop 183 suchas a wafer or teflon or other plastic material to receive the needlepoint during refill. Holes through the wafer allow the infusate to exitthe chamber.

To refill capsule 22, a hypodermic needle is pierced through septum 178so that it projects into chamber 172. Thence the infusate is injectedinto the chamber 172 whereupon it flows through tube 176 under theinjection pressure to the bellows capsule 22. The incoming infusateextends the capsule and thereby compresses the two-phase fluid inhousing compartment 16, thereby recharging the power cell that drivesthat capsule all as described in the aforesaid patents.

In the same fashion, capsule 52 is refilled and its power cell rechargedby infusate injection through septum 164.

Refer now to FIG. 5 of the drawings which is a diagrammatic view showingmore clearly the flow paths between the various infusion apparatuscomponents and to the waveforms in FIGS. 6A to 6C depicting the basal,bolus and integrated unit flow rates for the apparatus in operation. Forpurposes of this description, we will assume that the basal reservoir 22has been completely filled and charged by injection of infusate in thebasal concentration through septum 162. Likewise, the bolus reservoir 38has been filled and charged by injection of the bolus infusate throughseptum 164. Basal infusate flows through filter 59 and flow restrictor72 to the mixing chamber 88 at a very slow rate, e.g., on the order of0.6 ml/day, the specific rate depending upon the particular patient'sbasal insulin requirement. From chamber 88 the infusate proceeds throughtubine 92 to the catheter and into the patient's physiological system.

The infusate from the bolus reservoir 38, on the other hand, proceedsthrough filter 102 and flow restrictor 106 at an even slower rate ofabout 0.16 ml/day to accumulator 52. The incoming infusate graduallyextends the accumulator in opposition to the gas pressure or spring biasthereon until the accumulator is fully extended in which position it mayhold, for example, 0.044 ml, constituting, say, one bolus infusion dosefor a particular patient. Valve 112, being normally closed, preventsinfusate flow from accumulator 52 to the mixing chamber 88. Accordinglyas seen from FIG. 6A, the patient receives a continuous infusate dose atthe basal concentration at a rate of about 0.6 ml/day.

Assume now that the patient consumes a meal at time T_(m). At that time,the patient's blood sugar level normally tends to rise relativelydramatically so that the basal insulin dosage does not suffice to offsetthe increased glucose level in patient's bloodstream. The patient canactuate the valve 112 by manually depressing button 146 positioned underthe patient's skin. The opening of that valve permits the accumulator 52to expel its contents through the restrictor 116 to the mixing chamber88 a relatively high rate for a very short time period, say 320 ml/dayfor several seconds or a few minutes. Even though accumulator 52 has avery small volume, it contains infusate in a high concentrationpresenting a large total bolus dose. Accordingly as seen from FIG. 6B,the dosage rate measured in infusate units per day is quite high, ifshort-lived, due to the high volumetric flow rate and the high drugconcentration from the accumulator to the mixing chamber.

In chamber 88, the bolus infusate mixes with and supplements the basalinfusate still arriving from the basal reservoir 22, with the integratedinfusate dosage to the patient being reflected in FIG. 6C. As shown inthat figure, the integrated flow rate is not simply the instantaneoussum of the basal and bolus rates illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B. Rather,it is a more complex function of reservoir volumes, infusateconcentrations, flow path resistance, mixing chamber volume, outlet tubevolume and valve-on time.

More particularly, the segment of the FIG. 6C curve indicated at Adenoting the basal infusate flow rate is, of course, a function of thebasal infusate concentration and volumetric flow rate through restrictor72 to the mixing chamber. When the patient activates valve 112 at mealtime T_(m), there is a rise in the total volumetric flow rate at thecatheter due to infusate flow from the accumulator reservoir through thevalve to the mixing chamber 88. At this time the increased concentrationfrom the accumulator is not observed. This flow increase and doseincrease is reflected by the curve segment B in FIG. 6C. Assuming valve112 is maintained in its open position sufficiently long to allowaccumulator 52 to expel its entire contents, e.g. about 12 seconds, abolus dose of high concentration infusate is issued to chamber 88 whereit mixes with the basal infusate present there so that a short-lived"slug" of high concentration infusate at a high flow rate is dispensedto the patient as indicated by the curve segment C in FIG. 6C.

If the volume of the mixing chamber 88 approaches zero, the dose rate ofinfusate drops to a level that is still higher than the original basalrate, as indicated by the curve segment D in FIG. 6C (since the highvolumetric flow rate has ceased, the does is defined by the flow rate ofrestrictor 72 and the concentration in the bolus reservoir). The doserate remains at that level for a relatively long period indicated whichtime duration depends upon the volumetric flow rate through restrictor72 and the volume of liquid in the mixing chamber and the outletcatheter. After that time, the unit rate falls back to the originalbasal rate as the low concentration infusate at the flow rate forrestrictor 72 mixes with and reduces the concentration of liquid in themixing chamber as shown by curve segment E in FIG. 6C.

If, however, the volume of the mixing chamber 88 has an appreciablevolume, say 0.1 ml, the infusion rate peak (because of mixing of basaland bolus concentrations) indicated in FIG. 6C trails off more or lessin an expotential fashion as indicated by the dotted line curve W₁ inthat figure. Likewise, the transition from the higher rate at curvesegment D to the basal rate at segment E falls off expotentially asshown by the dotted line curved W₂ in FIG. 6C. The time constants of thecurve segments W₁ and W₂ can be varied by varying the volume of chamber88 the differences in drug concentrations and the flow rate throughrestrictor tube 72.

Thus, in the present apparatus, as soon as the valve 112 controlling thebolus flow is opened when the need arises, high concentration infusateis immediately dispensed to the patient with minimal system inertia. Onthe other hand, the desired dosage transition from the bolus back downto the basal rate may vary from patient to patient. For example, in onepatient it may take a fairly long time for his glucose level to dropback to its ambient level after a meal due to physiological factors,while another patient may reach his nominal glucose level more quickly.The present apparatus is advantaged, then, in that its integratedinfusate output to each patient can be tailored to suit his particularneeds by proper selection of basal and bolus infusate concentrationsmixing chamber and catheter volume, restrictor flow rates and valveactuation time. Accordingly, the apparatus allows great flexibility inprescribing infusate to a patient over a prolonged period.

Also, because the apparatus dispenses high concentration infusate forthe bolus doses, the low concentration basal supply is not depleted forthat purpose as in prior apparatus of this type. The bolus reservoir canhave a relatively small volume and the valve-open time of the valve 112can be quite short thereby conserving energy in the event that anelectrically operated valve is employed. Accordingly, the apparatus canremain implanted in the body for a prolonged period, e.g. a year ormore, without having to be recharged, with only relatively infrequent,e.g. monthly, infusate refills being required during that period.

Still referring to FIG. 5, it is important to note that the presentapparatus also protects the patient from inadvertant bolus infusateoverdoses in the event that valve 112 is opened repeatedly or is held inthe open position. More particularly, each time valve 112 is opened bythe patient, the maximum volume of bolus infusate that is dispensed tothe patient is the contents of accumulator 52 representing, say, onebolus infusate dose. This is because the flow restrictor 106 betweenfilter 102 and the accumulator is such that the accumulator is refilledfrom reservoir 38 at an extremely slow rate, e.g. 0.16 ml/day.Accordingly, even if the valve 112 remains open for a long time, e.g.,an hour, the patient still receives not much more that one-quarter ofthe bolus dose of infusate.

By the same token, if the patient has actuated the valve at meal timeand received a bolus dose to offset the increased blood sugar levelcaused by that meal and then inadvertently actuates the valve again ashort time thereafter, he will receive only a very small amount ofinfusate because the accumulator 52 will not have been replenished witha significant amount of infusate from reservoir 38 during that time.

Thus while it is not required in the present apparatus, the provision ofan accumulator located between an upstream very low flow rate restrictorfrom the bolus reservoir and a downstream valve constitutes asignificant safety feature in apparatus such as this where the patienthimself administers the bolus infusate doses. It should be understood,however, that even if the accumulator is not utilized, the presentapparaus has the same advantages in terms of infusate dosageflexibility, reliability and power conservation described above.

While it is preferable that the implantable infusion apparatus employtwo infusate reservoirs to conserve basal infusate and to minimize thevalve 112 duty cycle, a modified embodiment has a single reservoirwhich, combined with valved and unvalved flow paths leading to an outletwill provide an integrated infusate dose similar to the one describedabove. FIG. 7 shows such an apparatus employing a single reservoir 270connected by way of a flow restrictor 272 to a T fitting 274. A secondflow path leading from reservoir 270 communicates with the fitting byway of a valve 276 and flow restrictor 278. The T fitting is, in turn,connected by way of a tube 280 to a catheter at the infusion site. Also,of course, an accumulator restrictor such as accumulator 52 with arestricted inlet can be provided upstream of valve 276 as in the case inthe apparatus illustrated in FIG. 5.

The restrictor 272 provides a relatively slow basal flow rate to chamber274 as indicated by the waveform in FIG. 8A. On the other hand, therestrictor 278 provides for a much greater or substantially unrestrictedbolus flow from reservoir 270 to the fitting 274 when the valve 276 isopened at meal time as indicated by the curve in FIG. 8B. The integratedunit dose rate that is dispensed at the infusion site is represented bythe curve in FIG. 8C.

It will be seen from the foregoing, then, that the present implantableinfusion apparatus dispenses infusate in one or more concentrations ofone or more types at rates to suit the particular patient'srequirements. Moreover, the infusate flow rate characteristics can betailored with precision simply by modifying the flow rates and volumesof the apparatus components, particularly the mixing chamber and theapparatus outlet tube. Since the apparatus can dispense infusate indifferent concentrations, it can supply the patient's basal and bolusrequirements in a minimum overall package so that the presence of theapparatus in the body is not unduly discomforting in terms of the spacethat it occupies in the body or in terms of the frequency with which itmust be refilled or recharged.

It will also be seen that the objects set forth above, among those madeapparent from the preceeding description, are efficiently attained, andsince certain changes may be made in the above method and in theconstructions set forth without departing from the scope of theinvention, it is intended that all matter contained in the abovedescription or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpretedas illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended tocover all of the generic and specific features of the invention hereindescribed.

We claim:
 1. Nonelectrical implantable infusion apparatus comprising:A.a housing; B. a first collapsible infusate reservoir having an outletand positioned inside the housing; C. means for collapsing said firstreservoir to expel infusate from its said outlet; D. a secondcollapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet and positioned in thehousing; E. means for collapsing said second reservoir to expel infusatefrom its said outlet; F. mixing means inside the housing and having aselected volume; G. a first flow path having a first flow restrictioncharacteristic connected betweem said first reservoir and said mixingmeans; H. a second flow path having a second flow restrictioncharacteristic connected between the said second reservoir and themixing means; I. a normally closed valve connected in said second flowpath so that infusate flows from said second reservoir to the mixingmeans only when said valve is opened, the infusates from said first andsecond reservoirs, when said valve is opened, supplementing one anotherin the mixing means to produce an integrated dosage, and J. a fluidoutlet from said mixing means for conducting said integrated dosage toan infusion site.
 2. Implantable infusion apparatus comprising:A. ahousing; B. a first collapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet andpositioned inside the housing; C. means for collapsing said firstreservoir to expel infusate from its said outlet; D. a secondcollapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet and positioned in thehousing; E. means for collapsing said second reservoir to expel infusatefrom its said outlet; F. mixing means; G. a first flow path having afirst flow restriction characteristic connected between said firstreservoir and said mixing means; H. a second flow path having a secondflow restriction characteristic connected between said second reservoirand the mixing means, said second flow path restriction characteristicbeing less restrictive than said first flow path restrictioncharacteristic; I. a normally closed valve connected in said second flowpath so that infusate flows from said second reservoir to the mixingmeans only when said valve is opened, the infusates from said first andsecond reservoirs, when said valve is opened, supplementing one anotherto produce an integrated dosage, and J. a fluid outlet from said mixingmeans for conducting said integrated dosage to an infusion site.
 3. Theapparatus defined in claim 2 wherein said first reservoir contains:A. alow concentration infusate, and B. the second reservoir contains ahigher concentration infusate.
 4. The apparatus defined in claim 3wherein said second reservoir contains a different fluid than said firstreservoir.
 5. Implantable infusion apparatus comprising:A. a housing; B.a first collapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet and positionedinside the housing; C. means for collapsing said first reservoir toexpel infusate from its said outlet; D. a second collapsible infusatereservoir having an outlet and positioned in the housing; E. means forcollapsing said second reservoir to expel infusate from its said outlet;F. mixing means; G. a first flow path having a first flow restrictioncharacteristic connected between said first reservoir and said mixingmeans; H. a second flow path having a second flow restrictioncharacteristic connected between said second reservoir and the mixingmeans; I. a normally closed valve connected in said second flow path sothat infusate flows from said second reservoir to the mixing means onlywhen said valve is opened, the infusates from said first and secondreservoirs, when said valve is opened, supplementing one another toproduce an integrated dosage, J. a fluid outlet from said mixing meansfor conducting said integrated dosage to an infusion site; K. a fluidaccumulator positioned in the housing and connected in said second fluidflow path upstream from said valve; L. flow restricting means connectedin the second flow, path between the second reservoir and saidaccumulator, said restricting means having a restriction characteristicwhich is considerably more restrictive than said first and second flowpath restriction characteristics, and M. said accumulator expelling itscontents to said mixing means when said valve is opened so that theintegrated dosage is dependent upon the various concentrations andvolumetric flow rates.
 6. The apparatus defined in claim 5 wherein:A.the volume of said accumulator is a small percentage of the volume ofsaid second reservoir, and B. said restricting means permits only a verysmall flow rate between the second reservoir and the accumulator so thatit takes a relatively long time to refill the accumulator from thesecond reservoir between said valve openings.
 7. The apparatus definedin claim 1 wherein said collapsing means comprises a two phase fluidpower cell associated with each said reservoir, the fluid in said powercells vaporizing at physiological temperatures.
 8. Implantable infusionapparatus comprising:A. a housing: B. a first collapsible infusatereservoir having an outlet and positioned inside the housing; C. meansfor collapsing said first reservoir to expel infusate from its saidoutlet; D. a second collapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet andpositioned in the housing; E. means for collapsing said second reservoirto expel infusate from its said outlet; F. mixing means; G. a first flowpath having a first flow restriction characteristic connected betweensaid first reservoir and said mixing means; H. a second flow path havinga second flow restriction characteristic connected between said secondreservoir and the mixing means; I. a normally closed valve connected insaid second flow path so that infusate flows from said second reservoirto the mixing means only when said valve is opened, the infusates fromsaid first and second reservoirs, when said valve is opened,supplementing one another to produce an integrated dosage, said valvebeing mounted in said housing and being accessible from without saidhousing so that it can be operated manually transcutaneously when theapparatus is implanted subcutaneously and J. a fluid outlet from saidmixing means for conducting said integrated dosage to an infusion site.9. The apparatus defined in claim 8 wherein said valve comprises:A. alength of flexible resilient tubing through which fluid flows betweensaid second reservoir and the mixing means when the valve is opened; B.means normally clamping said tubing preventing fluid flow therethrough,and C. means for selectively unclamping said clamping means.
 10. Theapparatus defined in claim 9 wherein the clamping means comprises:A. astop member; B. a first clamp section engaging one side of the tubing;C. a button; D. first spring means reacting between the button and thestop member for biasing the first section against the stop member; E. asecond clamp section engaging the opposite side of the tubing, and F.second spring means biasing the second clamp section toward the firstclamp section.
 11. Implantable infusion apparatus comprising:A. ahousing; B. a first collapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet andpositioned inside the housing; C. means for collapsing said firstreservoir to expel infusate from its said outlet; D. a secondcollapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet and positioned in thehousing; E. means for collapsing said second reservoir to expel infusatefrom its said outlet; F. mixing means; said mixing means comprising amixing chamber having a selected volume so that an integrated dosagecontaining a progressively lower percentage of bolus infusate continuesto flow to the infusion site for an appreciable time after said valve isclosed; G. a first flow path having a first flow restrictioncharacteristic connected between said first reservoir and said mixingmeans; H. a second flow path having a second flow restrictioncharacteristic connected between said second reservoir and the mixingmeans; I. a normally closed valve connected in said second flow path sothat infusate flows from said second reservoir to the mixing means onlywhen said valve is opened, the infusates from said first and secondreservoirs, when said valve is opened, supplementing one another toproduce an integrated dosage, and J. a fluid outlet from said mixingmeans for conducting said integrated dosage to an infusion site.
 12. Theapparatus defined in claim 11 wherein the volume of the mixing chamberand the flow rate through said outlet are related so that when saidvalve is opened and then closed, said integrated dosage of dispensedinfusate has a dose rate which falls off more or less expotentially witha selected time constant.
 13. Implantable infusion apparatuscomprising:A. a housing; B. a first collapsible infusate reservoirhaving an outlet and positioned inside the housing; C. means forcollapsing said first reservoir to expel infusate from its said outlet;D. a second collapsible infusate reservoir having an outlet andpositioned in the housing; E. means for collapsing said second reservoirto expel infusate from its said outlet; F. mixing means; G. a first flowpath having a first flow restriction characteristic connected betweensaid first reservoir and said mixing means; H. a second flow path havinga second flow restriction characteristic connected between said secondreservoir and the mixing means; I. a normally closed valve connected insaid second flow path so that infusate flows from said second reservoirto the mixing means only when said valve is opened, the infusates fromsaid first and second reservoirs, when said valve is opened,supplementing one another to produce an integrated dosage, J. a fluidoutlet from said mixing means for conducting said integrated dosage toan infusion site, and K. first and second valved passages leading fromthe outside of said housing leading respectively to said first andsecond reservoirs by which said reservoirs may be refilled withinfusate.
 14. The method of dispensing infusate inside a living bodycomprising the steps ofA. conducting infusate in a first concentrationor type at a first selected flow rate along a first path to a mixingchamber; B. conducting infusate in a second concentration or type at asecond selected flow rate along a second path to said mixing chamber; C.conducting the infusate from the mixing chamber along a third path to aninfusion site in the body; D. normally blocking the infusate flow fromthe second path to the chamber; E. momentarily unblocking the flow fromthe second path to the chamber at determined time intervals so that insaid chamber infusate in the second concentration or type supplementsinfusate in the first concentration or type providing an integrated doseto the infusion site, and F. the chamber volume and third path flow ratebeing related so that when the flow from the second path to the chamberis blocked, the percentage of the second concentration or type infusatein the integrated dose conducted to the infusion site falls offgenerally expotentially with a selected time constant.
 15. The methoddefined in claim 14 and including the additional step of providing asmall volume infusate accumulator having a highly restricted inlet inthe second path so that each time the flow from the second path to thechamber is unblocked, essentially the infusate contents of theaccumulator flows to said chamber.